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Article posted: April 15, 1998 A CHRONOLOGY OF SCOTLAND Submitted by Alex McGregor with additions by Rick Roberts A Chronology of Scotland lists key events from 7000 BC to 1955..... Events which define the development of Scotland and help us understand the social, polical and ecomonic turns which affected our ancestors' lives and influenced their decisions. AD 1955..... The commission of inquiry into Crofting Conditions under Sir Thomas Taylor recommended a new permanent Commission which was duly set up in 1955. Charged with directing and developing crofting and administering grants and loans, it eventually concluded that traditional crofting tenure was obsolete and a barrier to progress. While retaining their preferential status, subsequent legislation has made crofts easier to purchase outright and to transfer. (source: Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland, Edited by John Keay & Julia Keay, published 1994) 1943..... More than 1,000 people were killed over two days in Clydebank and Southern Glasgow during the only sustained German Luftwaffe attack on Scotland during the Second World War 1937..... The largest ocean liner ever built, the Queen Elizabeth, was launched in Clydebank 1915..... Britain's worst train disaster took place near Gretna Green, south of Dumfries, 227 people killed 1911..... The Crofters' Commission was superseded by the Land Court and the Board of Agriculture. (source: Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland, Edited by John Keay & Julia Keay, published 1994) 1896..... Opening of the Underground Railway in Glasgow, it remains the only subway in Scotland. Constructed as a 6.5 mile circle route in 1896 it's trains were operated by cable. (source: Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland, Edited by John Keay & Julia Keay, published 1994) 1889..... County Councils established 1886..... The Crofters' Commission. The first permanent Crofters' Commission was set up following the Crofters' Holding Act of 1886. (source: Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland, Edited by John Keay & Julia Keay, published 1994) 1886..... The Crofters Holdings Act Passed. Following the report of the Napier Commission ( but ignoring most of it's recommendations), a Crofters' Holdings Bill was drawn up by Gladstone's government to meet the demands of the Highland Land Law Reform Association (Highland Land Leque) and to still the unrest in the crofting areas of the Highlands and Islands. (source: Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland, Edited by John Keay & Julia Keay, published 1994) 1885..... The Third Reform Act Passed, Secretary of State for Scotland Restored 1879..... Tay Bridge Disaster - (Bridge collapsed in storm taking a train with it, the enquiry revealed corners had been cut during construction to reduce costs 1872..... The Education Act Passed with Compulsory Education 1868..... The Second Reform Act Passed 1867..... The First Public Health Act Passed 1860..... Scotland hosted the first Open Golf Championship 1846..... Abolition of Trade and Merchant Privileges 1846..... The Potato Famine ( more severe economic and agricultural consequenses in Ireland) 1845..... The Scottish Poor Law Passed 1844..... Isle of Lewis sold to James Matheson which led to a period of economic growth and prosperity. (source: Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland, Edited by John Keay & Julia Keay, published 1994) 1843..... The Disruption - 474 of 1203 ministers signed the Deed of Demission and formed the Free Church of Scotland. Within 50 years a movement for reunificationof the church began. The splits finally healed in 1929 with the exception of minority Presbyterian dissent. (source: Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland, Edited by John Keay & Julia Keay, published 1994) 1837..... coronation of Queen Victoria (England) (reigned 1837 - 1901) 1833..... The Burgh Reform Act Passed 1832..... The First Reform Act Passed 1830..... William IV 1830 - 1837 1826..... Scotland's first commercial railway opened between Edinburgh and Dalkeith Completed 1822..... The Caledonian Canal Completed 1820..... The Radical War 1820..... George IV 1820 - 1830 1812..... The Steamdriven Boat The Comet first sailed 1801..... Blackband Ironstone Discovered by David Mushet 1801..... Symington's Steamboat, The Charlotte Dundas Sails 1799..... Serf Labour in Scottish Mines Abolished 1793..... Thomas Muir Sentenced to Deportation for Sedition 1790..... Forth and Clyde Canal Opened 1784..... Threshing Machine Invented by Andrew Meikle 1782..... Rotary Steam Engine Built By James Watt 1774..... The name "MacGregor" was proscribed by the privy council in 1603 due to conflict betweeen the MacGregors and the Campbells, which the Campbells' were successful in winning. They were forced to adopt other names such as Murray, Graham, Stewart, Grrant and even Campbell. A later act pronounced death on anyone who had borne the name if they gathered in groups of more than four. Remarkably they fought under Montrose and this led to a relaxation on 1661. The surname was not fully restored until 1774. (source: Scottish Surnames & Families, by Donald Whyte, published 1996) 1769..... Steam Engine Patented by James Watt 1763..... Swing Plough invented by James Small 1760..... Founding of Carron Iron Works at Falkirk 1760..... George II dies 1760..... George III 1760 - 1820 1750..... The First Turnpike Act Passed 1748..... Heritable Jurisdictions Abolished 1747..... The Abolition of Secretary Of State Office 1746..... The beginning of the HIghland Clearances. As the Clan Chiefs grew rich on meat and wool, the people died of cholera and starvation or, evicted from the glens to make way for sheep, were forced to migrate to foriegn lands. (source: The Highland Clearances, by John Prebble, published 1969, reprinted 1996) 1746..... The Battle of Culloden. Their bellies empty, their leaders at odds, the ground ill-chosen, the Highlanders were ready targets for the Royal Artillery at Culloden. (recommended reading: Culloden, by John Prebble, published 1961, reprinted 1996) 1745..... The Forty-Five Rebellion, Jacobite Rising (Scottish victory at the Battle of Prestonpans; Jacobite Scottish army advance as far south as Derby but then retreat) 1736..... The Porteous Riots. John Porteous, the Captain of the Edinburgh Town Guard had fired on a rioting crowd the result being 30 dead protestors. He was tried and found guily and sentenced to hang. On hanging day his sentence was postponed for six weeks by the crown. The result was that the crowd who had assembled to witness the hanging "lynched" John Porteous. (source: Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland, Edited by John Keay & Julia Keay, published 1994) 1727..... George I dies 1727..... George II 1727 - 1760 1725..... The Malt Tax and the Shawfield Riots 1715..... The Fifteen Rebellion, Jacobite Rising (the Jacobites fighting for the James Stuart (James VIII), "Old Pretender" as he was known by his detractors, were defeated at the Battle of Sheriffmuir) 1714..... Death of Anne 1714..... George I 1714 - 1727 1708..... Abolition of the Scottish Privy Council 1708..... French attempt Invasion of Scotland 1707..... Union of the English and Scottish Parliaments. Scotland formally united with England to form Great Britain. Although claimed to have been a peaceful and desired Union, it was met with riots in Edinburgh, and the Highlanders never wanted Union with England. It was, in effect, "steamrollered" onto the Scots by Queen Anne, and Scotland's larger neighbour to the south 1704..... Act of Security Passed 1702..... William III dies 1702..... Anne ( Daughter of James II) 1702 - 1714 1696..... The Passing of the Education Act 1694..... William III 1694 - 1702 ( without Mary II) 1692..... The Massacre of Glencoe. "You are hereby ordered to fall upon the rebels, the MacDonalds of Glencoe, and to put to the sword under seventy". This was the order ruthlessly carried out on February 13, 1692, when the Campbells slaughtered their hosts the MacDonalds at the Massacre of Glencoe. (source: Glencoe, by John Prebble, published 1965) 1690..... Re-establishment of Presbyterianism 1690..... Battle of Cromdale. On May 1, 1690 General Thomas Buchan, in command of about 800 Highlanders loyal to James VII, suspected no trouble and camped on the open low ground near the village of Cromdale. In the night the Williamite troops under the command of Sir Thomas Livingston(e) "stumbled across the enemy at the end of an exhaustive full days march. Sir Thomas took the risk of fighting in an exhausted state to take advantage of the element of surprise. Gen Buchan's Highlanders, unprepared, mostly naked and poorly situated lost 300 of their number before morning and thus ended the two year campaign on behalf of James VII. This was the catalyst for the half century of Jacobite dissent. (source: Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland, Edited by John Keay & Julia Keay, published 1994) 1689..... William III ( II of Scotland) and Mary II 1689 - 1694 1689..... The Battle of Killiecrankie. Highlanders under leadership of "Bonnie Dundee" (John Graham of Claverhouse, Viscount Dundee), defeats the Williamite (Government) forces of General Hugh MacKay. Dundee is killed in battle 1689..... The Battle at Dunkeld 1688..... James Renwick Executed 1687..... Three Letters of Indulgence 1685..... Charles II dies 1685..... James II 1685 - 1689 (James VII of Scotland) 1685..... Invasion by Earl of Argyle 1680..... The Sanquhar Declaration 1679..... Archbishop Sharp Murdered 1679..... The Battle of Drumclog 1679..... The Battle of Bothwell Bridge 1669..... The First Letter of Indulgence 1666..... The Pentland Rising 1661..... Restoration of Episcopacy 1660..... Charles II 1660 - 1685 1650..... 1650 - 1660 Period of Cromwellian rule. (source: Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland, Edited by John Keay & Julia Keay, published 1994) 1650..... James Graham, 5th Earl and 1st Marquis of Montrose, with a small contingient of men was defeated at Carisdale on April 27, 1650 while trying to take revenge for the executionof Charles I. Montrose escaped but was soon betrayed by Mcleod of Assynt for a bounty. Taken to Edinburgh he was sentenced to death by the Scottish Parliament without a trial, hanged then disembowled (visions of Brave Heart). His remains were given a proper tomb and monument in St Giles Edinburgh in 1888 (230 years later). (source: Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland, Edited by John Keay & Julia Keay, published 1994) 1650..... Battle of Dunbar 1650..... The Battle of Worcester 1649..... Charles II 1649 - 1651 1649..... Charles I Executed 1648..... The Battle of Preston 1645..... Battle of Philiphaugh 1644..... The Battle of Marston Moor 1643..... Solemn League and Covenant 1640..... Second Bishop's War. Charles's peace collapses; the Scots Covenanting Army led by David Leslie shows force by marching on Newcastle 1639..... First Bishop's War. Charles calls a General Assembly, effectively abolishing the unpopular Scottish Bishops. Agreement is reached through the "Treaty of Berwick" 1638..... The National Covenant. A Protestant (mostly Lowland, later called Presbyterian) movement forms. The National Covenant. - Charles regards protests against the prayer book as treason, forcing Scots to choose between their church and the King. A "Covenant", swearing to resist these changes to the death, is signed in Greyfriars Church in Edinburgh. The covenant is accepted by thousands of Scots 1638..... Abolishment of Episcopacy 1637..... The Scottish Prayer Book. Charles attempts to further anglicise the Church of Scotland by introducing a new prayer book, which causes riots at St.Giles in Edinburgh. Jenny Geddes throws a cutty-stool in St. Giles in protest 1633..... Visit of Charles I to Scotland 1625..... James VI dies 1625..... Charles I 1625 - 1649. Charles I becomes King on the death of his father. Although born in Scotland, Charles had no interest in the country and dealt with Scottish affairs with even less tact than his father, causing discontent 1625..... Act of Revocation Passed 1618..... The Five Articles of Perth. James VI imposes Bishops on the Presbyterian Church of Scotland in an attempt to integrate it with the Church of England. This move was deeply unpopular with the Scots 1610..... Episcopacy established 1603..... The name "MacGregor" was proscribed by the privy council in 1603 due to conflict betweeen the MacGregors and the Campbells, which the Campbells' were successful in winning. They were forced to adopt other names such as Murray, Graham, Stewart, Grrant and even Campbell. A later act pronounced death on anyone who had borne the name if they gathered in groups of more than four. Remarkably they fought under Montrose and this led to a relaxation on 1661. The surname was not fully restored until 1774. (source: Scottish Surnames & Families, by Donald Whyte, published 1996) 1603..... Union of the Crowns of England and Scotland. James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England, bringing about the Union of the Crowns. This was not an altogether welcome move in much of Scotland or England. 1603..... James I of England 1603 - 1625 ( VI of Scotland) 1592..... The Parliament approved Presbyterian church courts. (source: Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland, Edited by John Keay & Julia Keay, published 1994) 1587..... Mary executed 1584..... Raid of Stirling. The Earls of Mar, Glamis, and Angus and the Lords John and Claude Hamilton seized Stirling Castle in April of 1584. Aid failed to materialise from England so the conspirators gave up their prize and fled to England in the face of a seige by James. (source: Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland, Edited by John Keay & Julia Keay, published 1994) 1582..... Raid of Ruthven 1582..... Edinburgh University founded 1581..... The Second Book of Discipline spelled out the Scottish form of the Presbyterian Church. (source: Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland, Edited by John Keay & Julia Keay, published 1994) 1578..... Second Book of Discipline 1573..... Edinburgh Castle Captured and End of Religious Wars in Scotland 1572..... John Knox dies 1572..... Regent Mar dies 1571..... Regent Lennox slain 1570..... Regent Moray Murdered 1568..... Abdication of Queen Mary 1568..... Battle of Langside. Moray and 45,000 men defeated Mary with only 4,500. Mary flees to England to seek help from Elizabeth I, who imprisons Mary in various Keeps, Castles and Towers 1567..... Darnley murdered. Abdication of Mary, Queen of Scots. James VI (r.1567-1625) becomes King of Scotland 1567..... Marriage of Mary to Bothwell 1566..... Riccio murdered 1565..... Marriage of Mary to Darnley 1561..... Mary returns from France 1561..... First Book of Discipline 1560..... End of Franco-Scottish Alliance 1560..... The Treaty of Edinburgh 1560..... John Knox returns from the continent, and introduced the idea of the Presbyterian Church. It was not imediately implemented. (source: Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland, Edited by John Keay & Julia Keay, published 1994) 1558..... Walter Mill (a very old man), Possibly the last heretic to be put to death, was burned at St Andrews 1567..... James VI 1567 - 1625 ( James I of England) 1557..... The First Covenant Drawn Up Pledging Scotland to be Portestant 1547..... Battle of Pinkie. 15,000 English under the Duke of Somerset defeated by the Scots 1546..... George Wishart burned 1546..... Cardinal Beaton murdered 1545..... Hertford's again invades of Scotland but was defeated at Ancrum 1545..... Hertford returns and destroys 5 towns, 240 villages, also the Abbeys of Kelso, Melrose, Dryburgh and Eccles 1544..... Hertford's Invasion of Scotland and the Burning of Edinburgh, including Holyrood Palace. Fires lasted for 3 Days 1542..... The Battle of Solway Moss and Death of James V 1542..... Mary (Queen of Scots) born at Linlithgow on December 8, 1542, became queen on her father's death 6 days later.(source: Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland, Edited by John Keay & Julia Keay, published 1994) 1532..... College of Justice Founded (Court of Session) 1528..... Patrick Hamilton burned 1513..... James V succeded his father to the throne when only 17 months old, his reign lasted from 1513 to 1542. (source: Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland, Edited by John Keay & Julia Keay, published 1994) 1513..... Battle of Flodden and Death of James IV. James IV killed in battle along with much of the aristocracy of Scotland and thousand of Highlanders and Lowlanders by English forces of Henry VIII, led by the Earl of Surrey. Battle was fought at Branxton. James IV's body was disembowelled, embalmed and sent, eventually, to London. His body, grotesquely preserved, was kept in the Monastery of Sheen, then thrown in the lumber room after the dissolution. Years later, it was discovered by workmen who cut off the head and used it for a macabre plaything - it was passed from one English noble to another for years, until it was finally buried in an anonymous grave 1503..... Marriage of James IV and Margaret Tudor . Margaret was only 14 years old. (source: Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland, Edited by John Keay & Julia Keay, published 1994) 1502..... King Henry VII of England gives his daughter in marriage to James IV of Scotland. This gave rise to the Union of the Crowns in 1603 1496..... First Education Act Passed 1495..... King's College Aberdeen founded by Bishop Elphinstone 1493..... End of the Lordship of the Isles 1488..... James IV overthrowns his father at Sauchieburn when only 15 years old. He was judged old enough to assume the throne without a regent. (source: Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland, Edited by John Keay & Julia Keay, published 1994) 1488..... Battle of Sauchieburn and Assassination of James III, he was murdered after being accused of surrounding himself with advisors who encouraged him to bring Englishmen into Scottish affairs 1482..... First Rebellion against James III Lauder Bridge 1472..... Annexation of Orkney and Shetland Islands to Scotland 1472..... St Andrews appointed an Archbishopric 1460..... James III 1460 - 1488 1466..... Battle of Blair-na-Pairc 1468..... James III marries Margaret of Denmark 1460..... Death of James II by an exploding canon during the siege of Roxburgh 1455..... The Battle of Arkinholm and the Fall of the Douglases 1452..... James II kills William, 8th Earl of Douglas 1451..... University of Glasgow founded mainly by the exertions of Bishop Turnbull 1440..... Kilchurn Castle built 1437..... James I assassinated at Perth 1433..... James Craw burned 1427..... Parliament at Inverness when James I ordered the imprisonment of fifty Highland Chiefs 1424..... James I returns to Scotland from captivity in England 1412..... University of St Andrews founded by Bishop Wardlaw 1411..... The Battle of Harlaw. Donald Lord of the Isles was defeated by an army of Lowlanders 1407..... Burning of the Lollard, James Resby 1406..... James I 1406 - 1437 1406..... James I captured by the English 1402..... Duke of Rothsey dies 1402..... Homildon Hill, Northumberland, English defeat Scots 1396..... Hugh clan battle at Perth of Chattens, watched by king Robert III as "entertainment" 1390..... Robert III 1390 - 1406 1388..... The Battle of Otterburn. Henry Percy "Hotspur" and the English defeated by the Scots under James, 2nd earl of Douglas. Henry and Ralph Percy captured. Douglas was killed at the battle 1385..... French Expedition to Scotland 1371..... Robert II 1371 - 1390 (the first of the Stewarts crowned) 1349..... The Black Death, (Bubonic Plague) begins in Scotland 1346..... Battle of Neville's Cross. King David II is defeated and captured by the English 1333..... Battle of Halidon Hill, Edward the III of England defeats Scots 1332..... Invasion of Scotland by Edward Balliol, son of John Balliol, with English backing. Scots defeated by Edward Balliol at Dupplin Moor 1329..... Death of Robert Bruce, possibly of leprosy 1329..... David II 1329 - 1371 1328..... Treaty of Northampton signed between Edward III and Robert I officially recognising Scottish independence and Robert Bruce as it's king 1326..... First Burgh Representatives in Parliament 1325..... Tarbert Castle (Loch Fyne) built 1320..... The Declaration of Arbroath is drawn up to recognise Scottish independence from England. The Pope accepts the Declaration 1314..... Battle of Bannockburn June 23 - 24 - (Scots under Robert the Bruce routed the English led by Edward II) resulting in Scottish Independence and peace 14 years later. The Scots with only 500 light horse, 6000 spearmen and a few archers defeat the English and their army of 16,000 infantry, 2500 mounted knights and a twenty mile supply train. (source: Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland, Edited by John Keay & Julia Keay, published 1994) history 1308..... Battle of the pass of Brander 1308..... Inverurie - King Robert the Bruce defeated Comyn of Buchan and the English 1307..... Three of the Bruce's brothers, Alexander, Nigel and Thomas are "hanged, drawn and quartered" by Edward I, exactly as Wallace had been executed two years earlier 1307..... 10 May, 1307 Bruce and Douglas defeat de Valence, the Earl of Pembroke, at Louden Hill, his first major victory over the English 1306..... Assassination of Comyn at Greyfriar Abbey, Dumfries. Coronation of Robert the Bruce at Scone 1306..... Robert I 1306 -1329 1305..... William Wallace executed in London, he is "hung, drawn and quartered in a barbarous execution. Wallace's head is mounted on London Bridge. The "real execution" differs dramatically from the Mel Gibson portrayal in the movie "Brave Heart" 1298..... First Battle of Falkirk - William Wallace and his army of 12,000 are defeated by Edward I of England and his army of 2,500 Heavy horse and about 20,000 foot. Wallace resigns Gaurdianship, but Scotland now has a sense of self-identity apart and distinct from that of England 1297..... Battle of Stirling Bridge. William Wallace kills sheriff of Lanark, Hazelrig, for his part in the death of William Wallace's wife, and a revolt under his command is begun. In September, Wallace defeats the English forces at Stirling Bridge and becomes the 'Guardian of Scotland'. This was the one great military victory of William Wallace which established him as a leader of Scottish resistance rather than as merely a spirited outlaw. (source: Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland, Edited by John Keay & Julia Keay, published 1994) 1296..... Second Interregnum 1296 - 1306 (time between two reigns) 1296..... Revolt by William Wallace 1296..... Edward I Invaded Scotland, Abdication of John Balliol. Scotland's Coronation Stone - the "Stone of Destiny" - is stolen by Edward I and taken to Westminster Abbey (in London) by the English. Scots are killed in thousands by Edwards 30,000 troops and 5,000 cavalry in Berwick and Dunbar 1292..... John Balliol 1292 - 1296 (awarded the Scottish Crown by Edward I) 1290..... Maid of Norway dies 1290..... First Interregnum 1290 - 1292 (time between two reigns) 1286..... Death of Alexander III, by a fall from his horse over a cliff. Scottish Throne open to only one child heir 1286..... Margaret (The Maid of Norway) 1286 - 1290 1274..... Robert the Bruce born 1272..... William Wallace born (approx) in Ellerslie 1266..... Western Isles ceded to Scotland with the Treaty of Perth 1263..... Battle of Largs, Scots win decisive victory and obtain the Hebrides from Norway 1249..... Alexander II dies at Kerrera 1249..... Alexander III 1249 - 1286 1237..... Alexander II abandons Claim to Northern Counties of England 1235..... Final Pacification of Galloway 1230..... Final Pacification of Moray 1222..... Conquest of Argyle by Alexander II 1214..... Alexander II 1214 - 1249 1192..... Scottish Church becomes a special 'daughter' of the Roman 1189..... Scotland's Independance regained and accepted by Richard I 1180..... Inverness received Charter from William the Lion 1179..... Province of Ross subdued by William the Lion (1143-1214) 1174..... William the Lion Defeated in the Battle at Alnwick. Treaty of Falaise is signed by William the Lion after losing to the English. Under this treaty, Scotland would be in debt to England for years 1165..... William the Lion 1165 - 1214 1153..... The Death of King David ( source: The Normans in Scotland by R.L.G Ritchie, Edinburgh University Press 1954) 1153..... Malcom IV 1153 - 1165. Rise of Somerled. (Scot-Viking Lord of the Isles and progenitor of Clan Donald) 1138..... Battle of the Standard. King David I of Scotland defeated and 10,000 Scots killed by the Normans 1124..... David I 1124 - 1153, unity was restored when, on Alexander's death, David becomes King of Scots. His reign is one of the most important in Scotland's history, extending Scottish borders to the River Tees, including all of Northumberland. David I institutes many administrative changes into Scotland including laws, early schools and gives much Scottish land to his Norman friends 1107..... Alexander I 1107 - 1124, on the death of Edgar, Scotland becomes disunited. Alexander I becomes King of Scots, but David I becomes King in Lothian and Strathclyde 1098..... Western Isles retaken by Magnus Bareleg the King of Norway 1094..... Duncan II (son of Canmore) 1094 - 1094 1094..... Duncan II (second reign) 1094 - 1097 1097..... Edgar (son of Canmore) 1097 - 1107 1093..... Battle of Alnwick - King Malcolm III or Canmore is killed during battle on the 13 November. Deaths of both Malcolm and Margaret. Much English influence is brought to Lowland Scotland by Margaret. (later St. Margaret) 1093..... Donald Bain 1093 - 1094 1073..... Malcolm III Pays homage to William I, after defeat in battle 1070..... Malcolm Canmore marries Margaret. (Anglo-Saxon princess that sought refuge in Scotland) 1066..... It is a widely accepted view that the Norman Conquest of England began in 1066 under the guidance of William The Conqueror however the beginning of the Norman conquest was recorded as early as 1002 (source: The Normans in Scotland by R.L.G Ritchie, Edinburgh University Press 1954) 1057..... 1057 to 1058 Brief reign of Lulach 'The Fool' 1057..... Malcom III (Canmore)1057 - 1093, nicknamed Cean-mor or "Big Head", slays Macbeth to eventually become King, at the Battle of Lumphanan - on 15 August 1052..... The first Normans are recorded in Scotland ( source: The Normans in Scotland by R.L.G Ritchie, Edinburgh University Press 1954) 1040..... Macbeth 1040 - 1057. MacBeth slays Duncan to becomes King of Scotland after Duncan is heavily defeated by the English in battle 1034..... Duncan I 1034 - 1040. Duncan, made King of Strathclyde after the battle of Carham, helps kill his grandfather Malcolm II and becomes King of a (largely) united Scotland 1018..... Battle of Carham. Annexation of Lothian and Cumbria 1018..... Duncan MacAlpine succeeds Strathclyde 1014..... The Battle of Clontarf, Regaining of the Hebrides and Northern Scotland 1005..... Malcolm II 1005 - 1034 kills Kenneth III and becomes King 1002..... It is a widely accepted view that the Norman Conquest of England began in 1066 under the guidance of William The Conqueror. However the beginning of the Norman conquest was recorded as early as 1002 The beginning of the conquest of England by the Normans was the marriage of AEthelred (Unraed) taking his second wife Emma, daughter of Richard , late Duke of the Normans, in the spring of 1002. (source: The Normans in Scotland by R.L.G Ritchie, Edinburgh University Press 1954) 986...... Last recorded Viking raid on Iona by Norse 997...... Battle of Luncarty. Reign of Kenneth III 997 - 1005 995...... 995 to 997 Reign of Constantine III 973...... Luncarty - King Kenneth the 2nd defeated the Danish Vikings 971...... Edgar gives Lothian to Kenneth II - Reign of Kenneth II 971 - 995 966...... 966 to 971 Reign of Culen 962...... 962 to 966 Reign of Dubh 954...... 954 to 962 Reign of Indulf 942...... Malcolm I crowned King (r. 943 - 954) 937...... Brananburgh - The Saxon King Athelstane defeated Danes and Britons near Solway 900......900 to 942 Reign of Constantine II 889...... 889 to 900 Reign of Donald II 878...... 878 to 889 Reign of Eochaid 877......877 to 878 Reign of Aed 862...... 862 to 877 Reign of Constantine I 858...... 858 to 862 Reign of Donald I 843...... A revolution was sparked between the four primary races of Scotland with the result being that Kenneth MacAlpine was crowned King of Scots and Picts. McAlpine was a King of the Dalriadic race. (source: History Of The Western Highlands and Isles of Scotland, by Donald Gregory, originally published 1836) 802...... Norse invasion of Iona 794...... Beginning of the modern Norse Invasions of Scotland 685...... Battle of Dunnichen - where the Picts under Brude defeated the Angles and establish Scotland's southern border. Nechtansmere, Forfarshire - On the 20 May, the Angle King Ecgfrith was defeated by the Picts. Pictish King rejects the Celtic Church in favour of the Roman church 664...... The Synod of Whitby 606...... Death of King Aidan of Dalriada 600...... Catterick - 300 Edinburgh horseman killed by the English 597...... Death of St. Columba 575...... Treaty with Drumceat 563...... St. Columba sails from Ireland to Argyll to found monasteries, chiefly on the Island of Iona 521...... Birth of St Columba 503...... prior to 503 the inhabitants of the Highlands, the area north of Forth and Clyde were the Picts, a Roman name for the original inhabitants called the Caledonii. In 503 there was a settlement of Irish Scots, frequently called the Dalriads, established in the Western districts of the Highlands. (source: History Of The Western Highlands and Isles of Scotland, by Donald Gregory, originally published 1836) 501...... Foundation of the Kingdom of Dalriada (Dalriata) - The Scots from Ireland, a Gaelic-speaking people, Christian in religion establish the Kingdom in Argyll on the West coast and Isles of Scotland 430...... Roman control of Britain ends 397...... First Christian Church Founded in Scotland by St Ninian at Galloway 368...... The Pict, Scot and Saxon tribes attack the Romans in London and plunder the city. 360...... Roman literature describes the warring tribes based in Ireland as the "Scots" 296...... The Pictish people were first mentioned in Roman literature. The name "Pict" is said to have come either from a latin word meaning "painted ones" or another meaning "fighter". Both descriptions well define the Pictish people 208...... Invasion of Septimius Severus 139...... Antonine's Wall built. Also known as Graham's Dyke 121...... 121 to 129 AD Hadrian's Wall built from Bowness to Wallsend, across the isthmus between the Tyne and Solway Firth. It was designed to stop the Caledonians from coming any further south, however it was not entirely successful. 85....... The Battle of Mons Graupius 83....... Julius Agricola advances across the River Clyde facing the facing stiff resistance from the celts. 80...... Julius Agricola first invades Scotland (source: History Of The Western Highlands and Isles of Scotland, by Donald Gregory, originally published 1836) 60....... Queen of the Iceni (Boudicca) in Britain, revolts against Roman rule BC 55....... Julius Caesar invades Britain, the beginning of a 400 year occupation 400...... Beginning of the Iron Age in Scotland 1800.... Beginning of the Bronze Age in Scotland 3000.... Possible dating for Early Cave Dwellers Near Oban in Scotland 4000.... Beginning of the Neolithic Age in Scotland 7000.... Beginning of the Mesolithic Period in Scotland Shopping Cart & Order Desk Global Genealogy & History Shoppe 1-800-361-5168 ( 9-5 Monday to Friday )
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